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Kako so bukve knjiga postale

Hieronymus Megiser: Dictionarium quatuor linguarum . . . Graz, Anno M D XCII. [1592]

Stara slovenska beseda za knjigo je bila bukve, poznali pa so jo tudi drugi slovanski jeziki, predvsem zahodni. Etimološko je vezana na poimenovanje drevesa, katerega les je nekoč služil za pisno podlago in kasneje izdelavo togih platnic, izvira pa iz germanske osnove boko, od tod tudi Buch, book, bók, bok, Bouk, boek, bog ipd. v germanskih jezikih danes. Beseda knjiga je v slovenščini mnogo mlajša in je po vsem sodeč prišla k nam iz jezikov Vzhodnih Slovanov, ki so jo poznali že prej, in ki je najverjetneje prišla ob turškem posredovanju iz kitajščine (kot staroslovansko jo opredeljuje tudi Cigale v "Wolfovem slovarju", gl. skenogram spodaj). Ugnezdila se je v slovanskih jezikih in tudi v madžarščini kot könyv. Naši predniki so torej uporabljali bukve in tako je pisal in govoril tudi Trubar in njegovi protestantski sodobniki. V želji, da bi njihova dela razumeli tudi drugi Južni Slovani, so nekatere manj znane besede tolmačili po hrvaško ¹, tako knjigo prvič zasledimo že v Kreljevi Postili leta 1567 in nekoliko kasneje v Dalmatinovem predgovoru prevoda Biblije 1584, kjer je beseda v registru tudi pojasnjena ². Tu je besedo odkril tudi Megiser in jo vključil v svoj slovar štirih jezikov leta 1592 ter jo označil kot hrvaško, vendar je kot hrvatizem naprej životarila le na papirju in ljudje so uporabljali samo bukve ali nemško buh. Leta 1792 se je kniga pojavila v Pohlinovem Besedišču s pojasnilom, da je beseda stara in znana vsem slovanskim narodom, ter tako prodrla med Kranjce kmalu po tem, ko je zaradi vpliva hrvaške kajkavščine osvojila že Štajerce in Prekmurce. Kmalu jo potem zasledimo pri Dajnku, Murku, Kreku in Metelku pa seveda tudi v Bleiweisovih Novicah. Prešeren še ni bil povsem odločen glede izbire in ju stilno ni povsem enačil. Analiza njegovih besedil je menda pokazala, da je zapisal bukve devetkrat in to spoštljivo (kadar je pisal o slovenskih zadevah, npr. Nova pisarija, in v zasebnih pismih) ter knjiga trikrat, takrat se je norčeval ali mislil na ostale Slovane, npr. puščica o Čopovih knjigah-figah. Stritar je v svojih zgodnjih delih že uporabljal knjiga pa si je premislil in začel kasneje "čistiti" v svojih in tujih delih in pri tem bentil: "Jaz še vedno berem stare bukve, ko drugi čitajo nove knjige". Vendar je bilo takrat že prepozno in knjiga je izpodrinila bukve, ki so danes že povsem pozabljene, ostale so le še v redkih izrazih s starinskim prizvokom ali posmehom, npr. sanjske bukve, kar naprej tiči v teh svojih bukvah. Pri elektronskih bukvah pač ni dileme!

	Kniga je na Kranjskem pozabljena, vendar je ta izraz že od nekdaj v rabi pri večini ilirskih narodov . . .
Gutsmann, O.: Deutsch-windisches Wörterbuch . . . Klagenfurt, 1789	Pohlin, M.: Tu malu besedishe treh jesikov . . . Laibach, 1792	Cigale, M.: Deutsch-slowenisches Wörterbuch . . . Laibach, 1860

¹ Suhadolnik, Stane: Terminološki oris besede "knjižnica". Knjižnica, 3 (1959), št. 1/4, str. 73-76
² "Taku, kteri bi nezastopil, kaj se reko Buqve, ta išči v'puhštabi B, taku najde, de se Buqve reko v'njega jeziki Knjige"; v registru pa: "buque (crajnski) = knyge (slovenski oli bezjački)"
Bezlaj, France: Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana, 1976-2007. - 5 zv.
Snoj, Marko: Slovenski etimološki slovar. Ljubljana, 2003
Slika knjižnih hrbtov: 1MS.net

Appreciation of terminology and misunderstanding - Internationality of Terminology

Gostujoče pero – Elisabeth Simon

With English emerging as the lingua franca of international and interdisciplinary communication, terminology being the corner stone of professional and scholarly interaction has not lost its importance, on the contrary. With the future internationality the discussion about terminology, and in particular library expressions in our case, can become more intense and this does not refer only to multilingual and multicultural Europe. Discussions about library consortia, which can also be international, the international user, and the development of and access to special material and collections on an international base through the web are signifficant for the new phase of terminology use. The international scope inside the discussion about terminology can be accompanied by deep misunderstanding if the awareness of historical roots and cultural structures of long, historical duration are missing. The fact that Rumanian librarians feel more comfortable in professional relations with French librarians⁽¹⁾ than the English speaking ones is not only caused by better or lacking language skills. The positive development of public libraries in Italy can be recognised by those who had the possibility to observe similar developments in France 20 years ago⁽²⁾. Word lists and dictionaries are not only reflecting the state of the art of the present discussion but also (un)observed similarities in the administration and the somehow unconscious professional connections on a transborder and transcultural level.

There is an illustration appended to the text, Public Library as a term and as a concept, a simple expression used on a daily basis by librarians and omnipresent in the mind of every professional in a library. This simple expression has been chosen because it may illustrate what happens in the mind of each participant attending international symposia, conferences and workshops. If a German librarian says public library, then she or he has a distinctly different image than that of e.g. a librarian from Midwest of the United States. One could say, that this is not of such an importance, that French librarians should know and conceive their terminology the same way Slovenians comprehend their own. But this has become a general postulate today. It is not connected only with the international network of communication and understanding but also with the support of libraries by a growing international framework of co-operation⁽³⁾.

Understanding the different concepts of international colleagues and collaborators in the profession is necessary for surviving not only on international meetings but also for applications at different units of the EU. Otherwise we will constantly be missing the point. A thorough knowledge of and familiarity with terminology up to date and covering a wide range of issues belongs to it, including familiarity with expressions in a number of supporting fields, e.g. in management⁽⁴⁾. It is easily thought that knowledge of management expressions is universal and that it will be understood everywhere, but it can be observed today that the application of these expressions is very often not well balanced, not correct or changes the meaning. Therefore it is necessary that an agreement about the terms of use (e.g. of a fatabase or e-journal) shall be found, with the support of a dictionary of terminology, in best case a multilingual one. But also in this fortunate case we must always be certain that the ideas of professional representatives may differ from each other (e.g. the definition of a book for librarians or publishers). That may not be comfortable, because it forces to clarify the terms in use before entering a discussion, but it also adds to the colour and interest in a profession which for many outside people seems to be dull.

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1. Cf. the book about the university library of Bucarest: Biblioteca centrala universitara dim Bucuresti 1891- 2000. Bucuresti, 2001, 231 pp.
   
2. Les bibliothèques en France 1991- 1997. Paris: Editions de Cercle de la Librairie Collection Bibliothèques, 1998, 315 pp.
   
3. Topics national and international foundations and EU promotion of libraries were discussed in more detail during a seminar at Humboldt University, winter term 2003/2004
   
4. Kanič I., Wells M.: How to present my library: German librarians meet international guests. Berlin: BibSpider 2003, 65 pp.

Tokrat še Hunglish in Itanglese

Pred dvema tednoma smo gostovali na ameriškem blogu BIK Terminology s prispevkom Denglisch, Franglais, Spanglish, Swenglist and the like in predstavili fenomen nenadzorovanega mešanja besed in jezikovnih elementov angleščine v druge jezike, tudi v strokovno terminologijo. Če niste sledili komentarjem, vas opozarjamo na dva zanimiva in dokaj obsežna, ki temeljito dopolnjujeta naš prispevek:

Jeno Demeczky je terminolog in nadzornik kakovosti prevajalske službe pri IBM Hungary, stanje v madžarščini in razloge zanje pa je kot terminolog opisal takole:

The situation is similar in Hungary. About 10% of my national language term proposals are accepted and used by the subject field professionals, in my case it is information technology. The rest of my proposals are used only once, when I submit them to our translators. In most cases, they admit that my proposals are good ones, sometimes even smart solutions, but they are late, subject matter experts already use the English terms, either in their original form, or written using Hungarian phonetics . . . [komentar v celoti]

Licia Corbolante je samostojna prevajalka in terminologinja, pred časom je bila zaposlena pri Microsoft Italia in Microsoft Ireland. Je tudi avtorica zanimivega bloga Terminologia etc. Stanje v italijanskem okolju prikazuje kot jezikoslovka in terminologinja takole:

The use of English words in Italian is variously described as itanglese, itangliano or anglitaliano. Unsurprisingly, assorted pundits regularly voice their concern about the “invasion” of English words, and bemoan the lack of an Italian language authority that might provide guidelines on neologisms and terminology standardization, but according to recent data, use of loanwords is not yet widespread in everyday speech (anglicisms amount to only about 0.7% of basic vocabulary) and it is mainly restricted to specialized domains, such as information technology, economics, finance, politics, sports and fashion . . . [komentar v celoti]

Zanimiv članek 773% increase in the use of English terms in Italian written texts znane prevajalske agencije z analizo velikega števila prevedenih besedil med leti 2000 in 2008 celo ugotavlja, da je italijanščina eden največjih "uvoznikov" angleških besed in akronimov, zato angleščina "kolonizira" italijanski jezik, za kar pa so najbolj zaslužni kar Italijani sami. Bolj pomirjajoč je rezultat iz leta 2010, ki ugotavlja rahlo umirjanje rasti - L’Itanglese continua ad avanzare con un incremento del +223%